https://ipt.pensoft.net/resource?r=cloudbridge_bird_records_costa_rica
A dataset of bird inventory records at Cloudbridge Nature Reserve, Talamanca Mountains, Costa Rica, between March 2016 and May 2020.
Jennifer
Powell
University of Toronto Scarborough
PhD Student
Toronto
Ontario
CA
jennifer.powell@mail.utoronto.ca
0000-0002-0848-3364
Jennifer
Powell
University of Toronto Scarborough
PhD Student
Toronto
Ontario
CA
jennifer.powell@mail.utoronto.ca
0000-0002-0848-3364
Jennifer
Powell
University of Toronto Scarborough
PhD Student
Toronto
Ontario
CA
jennifer.powell@mail.utoronto.ca
0000-0002-0848-3364
principalInvestigator
Río
Dante
Cloudbridge Nature Reserve
Scientific Coordinator
2 km este de escuela
San Gerardo de Rivas
Peréz Zeledón
11904
CR
research@cloudbridge.org
custodianSteward
2022-01-27
eng
A compilation of bird inventory occurrence data collected at Cloudbridge Nature Reserve on the Pacific slope of the Talamanca Mountains in Costa Rica. The reserve is largely former pasture and farm land composed of tropical montane cloud forest of several ages of secondary forest with some primary forest patches.
Data only includes records of species that were confirmed with photographic proof of presence in the reserve. Includes data from several different types of surveys or records including: point count, walking, call-playback (nocturnal owl surveys), camera trap, and incidental photographs.
Occurrence
GBIF Dataset Type Vocabulary: http://rs.gbif.org/vocabulary/gbif/dataset_type_2015-07-10.xml
Observation
GBIF Dataset Subtype Vocabulary: http://rs.gbif.org/vocabulary/gbif/dataset_subtype.xml
avian
point count
walking survey
camera trap
call-playback
cloud forest
n/a
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC-BY-NC) 4.0 License.
Data was collected from Cloudbridge Nature Reserve and adjacent habitats. Cloudbridge is located on the Pacific slope of Cerro Chirripó near the entrance to Cerro Chirripó National Park. The Río Chirripó Pacífico runs east-west through the reserve and joins with the the Río Uran, which runs north-south, in the center of the reserve. Cloudbridge is bounded on the north and south by private forested land, on the east by Cerro Chirripó National Park and a disused cattle pasture, and on the west by active cattle pasture. Altitudes of data collection ranged between 1550 m and 2200 m a.s.l.
-83.579
-83.565
9.483
9.464
2007-02-23
2021-04-25
All birds were identified to species based on the most current taxonomic designations at the time of publication. Only species for which a voucher photo was collected from within the reserve are included in the dataset.
species
Accipiter bicolor
Bicolored Hawk
species
Amaurospiza concolor
Blue Seedeater
species
Amazilia edward
Snowy-bellied Hummingbird
species
Amazilia tzacatl
Rufous-tailed Hummingbird
species
Anabacerthia variegaticeps
Scaly-throated Foliage-gleaner
species
Antrostomus saturatus
Dusky Nightjar
species
Aramides cajaneus
Gray-cowled Wood-Rail
species
Arremon brunneinucha
Chestnut-capped Brushfinch
species
Arremon crassirostris
Sooty-faced Finch
species
Atlapetes albinucha
White-naped Brushfinch
species
Atlapetes tibialis
Yellow-thighed Brushfinch
species
Aulacorhynchus prasinus
Northern Emerald-Toucanet
species
Basileuterus culicivorus
Golden-crowned Warbler
species
Basileuterus melanogenys
Black-cheeked Warbler
species
Basileuterus melanotis
Costa Rican Warbler
species
Bolborhynchus lineola
Barred Parakeet
species
Bubulcus ibis
Cattle Egret
species
Buteo brachyurus
Short-tailed Hawk
species
Buteo jamaicensis
Red-tailed Hawk
species
Buteo platypterus
Broad-winged Hawk
species
Buteogallus urubitinga
Great Black Hawk
species
Campylopterus hemileucurus
Violet Sabrewing
species
Campylorhamphus pusillus
Brown-billed Scythebill
species
Cantorchilus elutus
Isthmian Wren
species
Caracara cheriway
Crested Caracara
species
Cardellina canadensis
Canada Warbler
species
Cardellina pusilla
Wilson's Warbler
species
Cathartes aura
Turkey Vulture
species
Catharus aurantiirostris
Orange-billed Nightingale-Thrush
species
Catharus frantzii
Ruddy-capped Nightingale-Thrush
species
Catharus fuscater
Slaty-backed Nightingale-Thrush
species
Catharus gracilirostris
Black-billed Nightingale-Thrush
species
Catharus ustulatus
Swainson's Thrush
species
Chaetura vauxi
Vaux's Swift
species
Chamaepetes unicolor
Black Guan
species
Chlorophonia callophrys
Golden-browed Chlorophonia
species
Chlorospingus flavopectus
Common Chlorospingus
species
Chlorospingus pileatus
Sooty-capped Chlorospingus
species
Chlorostilbon assimilis
Garden Emerald
species
Ciccaba virgata
Mottled Owl
species
Cinclus mexicanus
American Dipper
species
Coereba flaveola
Bananaquit
species
Colaptes rubiginosus
Golden-olive Woodpecker
species
Colibri cyanotus
Lesser Violetear
species
Colibri delphinae
Brown Violetear
species
Columbina talpacoti
Ruddy Ground Dove
species
Contopus cooperi
Olive-sided Flycatcher
species
Contopus lugubris
Dark Pewee
species
Contopus sordidulus
Western Wood-Pewee
species
Coragyps atratus
Black Vulture
species
Cranioleuca erythrops
Red-faced Spinetail
species
Cyanerpes cyaneus
Red-legged Honeycreeper
species
Cyanolyca argentigula
Silvery-throated Jay
species
Cyclarhis gujanensis
Rufous-browed Peppershrike
species
Dacnis venusta
Scarlet-thighed Dacnis
species
Diglossa plumbea
Slaty Flowerpiercer
species
Dives dives
Melodious Blackbird
species
Doryfera ludovicae
Green-fronted Lancebill
species
Dryobates fumigatus
Smoky-brown Woodpecker
species
Dryobates villosus
Hairy Woodpecker
species
Elaenia flavogaster
Yellow-bellied Elaenia
species
Elaenia frantzii
Mountain Elaenia
species
Elanoides forficatus
Swallow-tailed Kite
species
Elvira chionura
White-tailed Emerald
species
Empidonax atriceps
Black-capped Flycatcher
species
Empidonax flavescens
Yellowish Flycatcher
species
Empidonax flaviventris
Yellow-bellied Flycatcher
species
Eubucco bourcierii
Red-headed Barbet
species
Eugenes spectabilis
Talamanca Hummingbird
species
Eupherusa eximia
Stripe-tailed Hummingbird
species
Euphonia elegantissima
Elegant Euphonia
species
Euphonia hirundinacea
Yellow-throated Euphonia
species
Euphonia imitans
Spot-crowned Euphonia
species
Falco rufigularis
Bat Falcon
species
Fregata magnificens
Magnificent Frigatebird
species
Geotrygon montana
Ruddy Quail-Dove
species
Glyphorynchus spirurus
Wedge-billed Woodcreeper
species
Grallaria guatimalensis
Scaled Antpitta
species
Harpagus bidentatus
Double-toothed Kite
species
Heliodoxa jacula
Green-crowned Brilliant
species
Heliomaster longirostris
Long-billed Starthroat
species
Heliothryx barroti
Purple-crowned Fairy
species
Henicorhina leucophrys
Gray-breasted Wood-Wren
species
Icterus galbula
Baltimore Oriole
species
Ixothraupis guttata
Speckled Tanager
species
Klais guimeti
Violet-headed Hummingbird
species
Lampornis castaneoventris
White-throated Mountain-gem
species
Legatus leucophaius
Piratic Flycatcher
species
Leiothlypis peregrina
Tennessee Warbler
species
Lepidocolaptes affinis
Spot-crowned Woodcreeper
species
Leptopogon superciliaris
Slaty-capped Flycatcher
species
Leptotila verreauxi
White-tipped Dove
species
Lophotriccus pileatus
Scale-crested Pygmy-Tyrant
species
Margarornis rubiginosus
Ruddy Treerunner
species
Megarynchus pitangua
Boat-billed Flycatcher
species
Megascops clarkii
Bare-shanked Screech-Owl
species
Melanerpes formicivorus
Acorn Woodpecker
species
Melanerpes rubricapillus
Red-crowned Woodpecker
species
Micrastur ruficollis
Barred Forest-Falcon
species
Microcerculus marginatus
Scaly-breasted Wren
species
Milvago chimachima
Yellow-headed Caracara
species
Mionectes olivaceus
Olive-striped Flycatcher
species
Mitrephanes phaeocercus
Tufted Flycatcher
species
Mniotilta varia
Black-and-white Warbler
species
Molothrus aeneus
Bronzed Cowbird
species
Momotus lessonii
Lesson's Motmot
species
Morphnarchus princeps
Barred Hawk
species
Myadestes melanops
Black-faced Solitaire
species
Myiarchus tuberculifer
Dusky-capped Flycatcher
species
Myioborus miniatus
Slate-throated Redstart
species
Myioborus torquatus
Collared Redstart
species
Myiodynastes hemichrysus
Golden-bellied Flycatcher
species
Myiothlypis fulvicauda
Buff-rumped Warbler
species
Myiozetetes granadensis
Gray-capped Flycatcher
species
Myiozetetes similis
Social Flycatcher
species
Myrmotherula schisticolor
Slaty Antwren
species
Nothocercus bonapartei
Highland Tinamou
species
Nyctidromus albicollis
Common Pauraque
species
Odontophorus guttatus
Spotted Wood-Quail
species
Odontophorus leucolaemus
Black-breasted Wood-Quail
species
Oreothlypis gutturalis
Flame-throated Warbler
species
Ortalis cinereiceps
Gray-headed Chachalaca
species
Pachyramphus albogriseus
Black-and-white Becard
species
Pachyramphus versicolor
Barred Becard
species
Pachysylvia decurtata
Lesser Greenlet
species
Parkesia motacilla
Louisiana Waterthrush
species
Patagioenas fasciata
Band-tailed Pigeon
species
Patagioenas subvinacea
Ruddy Pigeon
species
Phaethornis guy
Green Hermit
species
Pharomachrus mocinno
Resplendent Quetzal
species
Pheucticus ludovicianus
Rose-breasted Grosbeak
species
Pheucticus tibialis
Black-thighed Grosbeak
species
Pheugopedius rutilus
Rufous-breasted Wren
species
Philodice bryantae
Magenta-throated Woodstar
species
Philydor rufum
Buff-fronted Foliage-gleaner
species
Phyllomyias burmeisteri
Rough-legged Tyrannulet
species
Piaya cayana
Squirrel Cuckoo
species
Picumnus olivaceus
Olivaceous Piculet
species
Pionus senilis
White-crowned Parrot
species
Piranga bidentata
Flame-colored Tanager
species
Piranga leucoptera
White-winged Tanager
species
Piranga rubra
Summer Tanager
species
Pitangus sulphuratus
Great Kiskadee
species
Platyrinchus mystaceus
White-throated Spadebill
species
Premnoplex brunnescens
Spotted Barbtail
species
Psarocolius wagleri
Chestnut-headed Oropendola
species
Pseudocolaptes lawrencii
Buffy Tuftedcheek
species
Psilorhinus morio
Brown Jay
species
Ptiliogonys caudatus
Long-tailed Silky-flycatcher
species
Pygochelidon cyanoleuca
Blue-and-white Swallow
species
Pyrilia haematotis
Brown-hooded Parrot
species
Pyrrhura hoffmanni
Sulphur-winged Parakeet
subspecies
Ramphocelus passerinii costaricensis
Scarlet-rumped Tanager (Cherrie's)
species
Rhynchocyclus brevirostris
Roadside Hawk
species
Rupornis magnirostris
Roadside Hawk
species
Saltator maximus
Buff-throated Saltator
species
Sayornis nigricans
Black Phoebe
species
Sclerurus mexicanus
Tawny-throated Leaftosser
species
Scytalopus argentifrons
Silvery-fronted Tapaculo
species
Seiurus aurocapilla
Ovenbird
species
Selasphorus flammula
Volcano Hummingbird
species
Selasphorus scintilla
Scintillant Hummingbird
species
Serpophaga cinerea
Torrent Tyrannulet
species
Setophaga fusca
Blackburnian Warbler
species
Setophaga pitiayumi
Tropical Parula
species
Setophaga virens
Black-throated Green Warbler
species
Sittasomus griseicapillus
Olivaceous Woodcreeper
species
Sphyrapicus varius
Yellow-bellied Sapsucker
species
Spinus psaltria
Lesser Goldfinch
species
Spinus xanthogastrus
Yellow-bellied Siskin
species
Spizaetus ornatus
Ornate Hawk-Eagle
species
Sporophila corvina
Variable Seedeater
species
Stelgidopteryx ruficollis
Southern Rough-winged Swallow
species
Stelgidopteryx serripennis
Northern Rough-winged Swallow
species
Stilpnia larvata
Golden-hooded Tanager
species
Streptoprocne rutila
Chestnut-collared Swift
species
Streptoprocne zonaris
White-collared Swift
species
Syndactyla subalaris
Lineated Foliage-gleaner
species
Tangara dowii
Spangle-cheeked Tanager
species
Tangara gyrola
Bay-headed Tanager
species
Tangara icterocephala
Silver-throated Tanager
species
Thraupis episcopus
Blue-gray Tanager
species
Thraupis palmarum
Palm Tanager
species
Thripadectes rufobrunneus
Streak-breasted Treehunter
species
Tiaris olivaceus
Yellow-faced Grassquit
species
Tigrisoma fasciatum
Fasciated Tiger-Heron
species
Tityra semifasciata
Masked Tityra
species
Tolmomyias sulphurescens
Yellow-olive Flycatcher
species
Troglodytes aedon
House Wren
species
Troglodytes ochraceus
Ochraceous Wren
species
Trogon collaris
Collared Trogon
species
Turdus grayi
Clay-colored Thrush
species
Turdus plebejus
Mountain Thrush
species
Tyrannus melancholicus
Tropical Kingbird
species
Vermivora chrysoptera
Golden-winged Warbler
species
Vireo carmioli
Yellow-winged Vireo
species
Vireo flavifrons
Yellow-throated Vireo
species
Vireo leucophrys
Brown-capped Vireo
species
Vireo philadelphicus
Philadelphia Vireo
species
Xenops rutilans
Streaked Xenops
species
Zentrygon chiriquensis
Chiriqui Quail-Dove
species
Zentrygon costaricensis
Buff-fronted Quail-Dove
species
Zimmerius parvus
Mistletoe Tyrannulet
species
Zonotrichia capensis
Rufous-collared Sparrow
This data set was developed with the intent to: 1) catalog species presence and provide monitoring data for Cloudbridge Nature Reserve, and 2) provide species presence data for an understudied region of Costa Rica to the wider scientific community.
Data collection for the project is on hold so the data set is currently not being updated.
notPlanned
Jennifer
Powell
University of Toronto Scarborough
PhD Student
Toronto
Ontario
CA
jennifer.powell@mail.utoronto.ca
0000-0002-0848-3364
Rio
Dante
Cloudbridge Nature Reserve
Scientific Coordinator
2 km este de escuela
San Gerardo de Rivas
Peréz Zeledón
11904
CR
research@cloudbridge.org
Data collection.
Bird presence was determined from several data sources, including: 1) point count monitoring, 2) walking surveys, 3) owl call-playback surveys, 4) camera trap images, and 5) photographs.
Point Count Monitoring.
The bulk of the data was collected as part of a long-term monitoring study beginning on 14 March 2016 and continuing to 29 May 2020 with some gaps in data collection due to a lack of field staff, including: June–July 2016, March–June 2017, September–December 2018, and January 2019.
From March 2016 to October 2017, point counts were conducted at 24 sites. In October 2017, tropical storm Nate caused severe flooding along the rivers ending reliable access to the 4 northernmost point count sites after that date. After 15 December 2017, five replacement sites were added in the southern part of the reserve and sampling continued until 29 May 2020 only at the 25 point count sites in the southern part of the reserve.
Four or 5 sites were surveyed each day starting at 06:00 and finishing between 09:00 and 10:00, with all sites surveyed once a week. Daily site survey order was reversed weekly to help prevent temporal bias. Point counts lasted 20 min, conducted by one or two observers (typically two). Within a 25 m radius of a fixed marker, from the ground to the top of the canopy, all birds utilizing the habitat were identified and recorded. Visual identifications were prioritized due to training difficulties (see training section), but audio identifications were also recorded and the type of identification noted. Audio identifications were only included in this inventory when the species was also confirmed by visual identification. Birds seen soaring in the area or transiting the site were also identified but during periods of high volume were less of a priority to record. A total of 3440 point count surveys were conducted.
Walking surveys.
Walking surveys were conducted in conjunction with both the point count monitoring study (14 March 2016 to 29 May 2020) and a study on mixed species feeding flocks (MSF) (12 February to 19 June 2019). Walking surveys were conducted along all the trails of the reserve, including those not covered by the point count surveys, and were particularly important for surveying the northern part of the reserve where access was too unreliable for regular sampling after October 2017.
During the point count monitoring study, walking surveys were conducted on alternating days for a total of five surveys every two weeks. Walking surveys occurred in between point count sites and continued after point counts had been completed. They started at 06:00 and finished at 12:00. During the MSF study, walking surveys were conducted each weekday along four routes covering most of the reserve beginning at 06:00 and lasting 3–4 h. Species were tallied for specific segments of the trails being walked. A total of 267 walking surveys were conducted for the monitoring study and 80 for the MSF study.
Owl call-playback surveys.
Owl species were surveyed using call-playback between March 2016 and January 2020 with data collection gaps including: March–April, June–July, and October–December in 2017; January and July in 2018; and May and September–October in 2019. Costa Rican Pygmy Owl (Glaucidium costaricanum), Unspotted Saw-whet Owl (Aegolius ridgwayi), Tropical Screech-Owl (Megascops choliba), Bare-shanked Screech-Owl (Megascops clarkii), and Mottled Owl (Ciccaba virgata) were included in the study based on previous study results (Paradis 2007) and known Costa Rican owl ranges. Striped Owl (Asio clamator) was added in April 2016 after one was observed in the reserve. Owl surveys were conducted at the same 24 locations as the point counts, with the exception of the five sites added in 2017. The four northern sites were dropped in October 2017 due to loss of access, leaving 20 survey sites. A total of 625 surveys were conducted, with all but the first 24 surveyed for all six owl species.
Call-playback surveys started at 18:30 and were completed by 00:00. Five sites were surveyed each evening, and each site was only surveyed once a month to prevent habituation to the calls. Surveys began with 3 min of silence, followed by a 2-min playback, repeated until all owl calls had been played in order of smallest owl to largest, finishing with 3 min of silence. Playbacks were composed of a mixture of alarm and song calls downloaded from Xeno-Canto (Xeno-Canto Foundation 2005–2019).
Camera trap images.
Bird records were supplemented by camera trap images collected in the reserve. Most camera trap data was collected between 13 May 2019 and 21 May 2020 along a grid of 16 locations spaced approximately 300 m apart throughout the reserve, some near the trail system, but most at more remote locations. As data from the camera trap study was not fully processed at the time of writing, it was only used to supplement monthly presence data for some species. Additional camera trap images from recreational cameras were available prior to May 2019, and were sometimes used as voucher photos, but not used for presence data.
Photographs.
Photographs taken either during or outside of surveys were obtained from staff, interns, researchers, volunteers, and visitors. In addition to serving as records of species presence, these photos were used as voucher photos for the identified species. Location and date were confirmed for each photo, ranging from 23 February 2007 to 25 April 2021. Photographs taken outside of surveys were added as unique records to the species record tables in the supplementary material.
For all sampling types except camera trapping, data was collected along the trails of Cloudbridge Nature Reserve. Point count and call-playback survey data was collected at sampling stations marked with a fixed and labelled marker. Walking survey and photographic data was collected anywhere along the trail system. Camera trapping data was collected at 16 locations throughout the part of the reserve south of the Río Chirripó Pacífico. The camera traps were arrayed in a grid approximately 300 m apart.
Bird presence was determined from several data sources, including: 1) point count monitoring, 2) walking surveys, 3) owl call-playback surveys, 4) camera trap images, and 5) photographs.
Training.
All field crew for point count and walking surveys were trained on site for 2–3 weeks and were required to pass a visual bird identification test prior to beginning surveys. Each test consisted of 30 images, each shown for 15–45 seconds, of a different random selection of species that had been identified in or near the reserve or were potentially present in the area (approximately 300 species). Testing was repeated until a passing grade of 28/30 correct identifications was reached.
Audio identification was not tested due to the difficulty of training accurate bird song identification skills for 300 species in short-term field crew (typically 2–3 month periods). As such, visual identification was prioritized in order to have a higher degree of confidence in the accuracy of the resulting identifications.
Bird species inventory in secondary tropical montane cloud forest at Cloudbridge Nature Reserve, Talamanca Mountains, Costa Rica.
Jonathan P.
Slifkin
author
Frank T.
Spooner
author
Jeffrey
Roth
author
Laurie
Allnatt
author
Ryan
Andrews
author
Matt
Smokoska
author
Alex
Acott
contentProvider
Sarah
Barnes
contentProvider
Kasey
Bedford
contentProvider
Roopak
Bhatt
contentProvider
Anna
Bowland
contentProvider
Logan
Bradley
contentProvider
Maliya
Cassels
contentProvider
Jordan
Chambers
contentProvider
Léo
Chevillon
contentProvider
Avery
Clotfelter
contentProvider
Sam
Davies
contentProvider
Áoife
O'Donoghue
contentProvider
Alena
Frehner
contentProvider
Maria Camila Ortiz
Giral
contentProvider
Baley
Good
contentProvider
Dylan
Gray
contentProvider
Gloria
Greenstein
contentProvider
Danny
Guy
contentProvider
Amauta
Halvorsen
contentProvider
Florian
Hammer
contentProvider
Neil
Hancart
contentProvider
Jeb
Hartman
contentProvider
Gabriel
Henry
contentProvider
Olivia
Hess
contentProvider
Laura
Hulbert
contentProvider
Fergus
Jackson
contentProvider
Spencer
Kane
contentProvider
Helen
Lancaster
contentProvider
Eric
Livasy
contentProvider
Beth
Lowe
contentProvider
Alina
Martin
contentProvider
Alice
Martin-Walker
contentProvider
Emilio
Masotti-Black
contentProvider
Michelle
McKay
contentProvider
Emma
Noyes
contentProvider
Riccardo
Palladini
contentProvider
Ignacio
Panebianco
contentProvider
Michał
Pawlik
contentProvider
Brianna
Powrie
contentProvider
Amanada
Rajala
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Beth
Ramsey
contentProvider
James
Ratcliff
contentProvider
Marissa
Romp
contentProvider
Dorian
Rose
contentProvider
Éloïse
Roy
contentProvider
Kiana
Safford
contentProvider
Baptiste
Saunier
contentProvider
Marlon
Sippel
contentProvider
Maddy
Skinner
contentProvider
Izzy
Soane
contentProvider
Georgia
Smith
contentProvider
Martin
Stankalla
contentProvider
Matt
Steele
contentProvider
Amy
Sutley
contentProvider
Oliver
Taylor
contentProvider
Mélanie
Thierry
contentProvider
Willem
Van Doorninck
contentProvider
Bert
Van Holsbeeck
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Amelia
Westhoff
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Elisa
Yang
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Thijs
Claes
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Steven
Daniel
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Alex
Greene
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Timo
Jäger
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Leah
Kahn
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Nathan
Marcy
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Christopher
Romero
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Marlena
Scheller
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Charlotte
Smith
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Leonardo
Valverde
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Anthony
Vitolo
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Clara
Moreno Vicente
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Casey Ella
McConnell
contentProvider
Paula
Pebsworth
contentProvider
Cloudbridge Nature Reserve is a TMCF reforestation reserve lying on the Pacific slope of Cerro Chirripó in the cantón of Pérez Zeledón. Here, we synthesize data collected at Cloudbridge between March 2016 and May 2020 from multi-year point count, walking, call-playback, and camera trap surveys along with photographs collected from February 2007 to April 2021 to present a bird species inventory of the reserve. In total, 204 bird species from 40 families, including 40 endemic species, were identified, and monthly presence summarized for each species.
Funding was provided by Cloudbridge Nature Reserve and the generous contributions of their donors, visitors, volunteers, and interns.
Cloudbridge Nature Reserve is a 255 ha, TMCF reforestation reserve on the Pacific slope of the Talamanca Mountains in Costa Rica. Holdridge Life Zone classifications for the area are primarily Lower Montane Wet Forest, with some areas of Lower Montane Rain Forest. The reserve lies between 1500–2600 m a.s.l., with most biological surveys conducted between 1500–2200 m a.s.l. It is located 2 km from the village of San Gerardo de Rivas, and 18 km northeast of San Isidro del General in the cantón of Pérez Zeledón. The reserve shares its eastern border with the Parque Nacional Chirripó and its northern and part of its western border with a private nature reserve. Its other borders are shared with pastureland or private forest. Two rivers run through the reserve, Río Chirripó Pacífico and Río Urán. There are two main seasons, dry and wet, with the dry season occurring from the later part of December through the early part of April. In the peak dry season (January–March), total rainfall is about 113 mm, while in the wet season (April–December), total rainfall is about 2470 mm and rain occurs almost daily. Throughout the year, the reserve is blanketed in fog for at least part of every day. Temperatures are fairly stable, with year-round average daily temperatures fluctuating only about 3C, from 16–19C. Typical daily temperatures range from 13–27C.
The reserve is composed of 227 ha of reforested pasture and farmland, and 28 ha of primary forest (montane oak forest), as well as a small area of inhabited land in the lowest corner of the reserve. The secondary forest areas can be divided into natural regeneration and planted areas. The natural regeneration areas were left to regrow without human intervention and can be further divided into areas of older natural regeneration (29–34 years) and younger natural regeneration (12–18 years). Areas that showed no or minimal natural tree regrowth were planted with native species primarily grown in an onsite nursery from seeds or saplings gathered in the primary and natural regeneration areas. The planted areas vary in age from 10–18 years. In 2018–2019, for trees greater than 10 cm in diameter, older natural regeneration areas had an average tree height of 13.4 m, younger natural regeneration areas an average of 12.8 m, planted areas an average of 11.1 m, and primary areas 14.6 m. The primary forest is largely restricted to the highest elevations in the reserve, with the older natural regeneration in a band below the primary forest and in patches in the west of the reserve. The planted and younger natural regeneration areas exist in a patchwork in the lower elevations and close to the rivers.
2021-12-23T19:42:37.792+00:00
dataset
https://ipt.pensoft.net/resource?id=cloudbridge_bird_records_costa_rica/v1.4.xml