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Occurrence; Observation; avian point count walking survey camera trap call-playback cloud forest

Data was collected from Cloudbridge Nature Reserve and adjacent habitats. Cloudbridge is located on the Pacific slope of Cerro Chirripó near the entrance to Cerro Chirripó National Park. The Río Chirripó Pacífico runs east-west through the reserve and joins with the the Río Uran, which runs north-south, in the center of the reserve. Cloudbridge is bounded on the north and south by private forested land, on the east by Cerro Chirripó National Park and a disused cattle pasture, and on the west by active cattle pasture. Altitudes of data collection ranged between 1550 m and 2200 m a.s.l.

All birds were identified to species based on the most current taxonomic designations at the time of publication. Only species for which a voucher photo was collected from within the reserve are included in the dataset.

Cloudbridge Nature Reserve is a TMCF reforestation reserve lying on the Pacific slope of Cerro Chirripó in the cantón of Pérez Zeledón. Here, we synthesize data collected at Cloudbridge between March 2016 and May 2020 from multi-year point count, walking, call-playback, and camera trap surveys along with photographs collected from February 2007 to April 2021 to present a bird species inventory of the reserve. In total, 204 bird species from 40 families, including 40 endemic species, were identified, and monthly presence summarized for each species.

Personas asociadas al proyecto:

Bird presence was determined from several data sources, including: 1) point count monitoring, 2) walking surveys, 3) owl call-playback surveys, 4) camera trap images, and 5) photographs.

Descripción de la metodología paso a paso:

1. Data collection. Bird presence was determined from several data sources, including: 1) point count monitoring, 2) walking surveys, 3) owl call-playback surveys, 4) camera trap images, and 5) photographs. Point Count Monitoring. The bulk of the data was collected as part of a long-term monitoring study beginning on 14 March 2016 and continuing to 29 May 2020 with some gaps in data collection due to a lack of field staff, including: June–July 2016, March–June 2017, September–December 2018, and January 2019. From March 2016 to October 2017, point counts were conducted at 24 sites. In October 2017, tropical storm Nate caused severe flooding along the rivers ending reliable access to the 4 northernmost point count sites after that date. After 15 December 2017, five replacement sites were added in the southern part of the reserve and sampling continued until 29 May 2020 only at the 25 point count sites in the southern part of the reserve. Four or 5 sites were surveyed each day starting at 06:00 and finishing between 09:00 and 10:00, with all sites surveyed once a week. Daily site survey order was reversed weekly to help prevent temporal bias. Point counts lasted 20 min, conducted by one or two observers (typically two). Within a 25 m radius of a fixed marker, from the ground to the top of the canopy, all birds utilizing the habitat were identified and recorded. Visual identifications were prioritized due to training difficulties (see training section), but audio identifications were also recorded and the type of identification noted. Audio identifications were only included in this inventory when the species was also confirmed by visual identification. Birds seen soaring in the area or transiting the site were also identified but during periods of high volume were less of a priority to record. A total of 3440 point count surveys were conducted. Walking surveys. Walking surveys were conducted in conjunction with both the point count monitoring study (14 March 2016 to 29 May 2020) and a study on mixed species feeding flocks (MSF) (12 February to 19 June 2019). Walking surveys were conducted along all the trails of the reserve, including those not covered by the point count surveys, and were particularly important for surveying the northern part of the reserve where access was too unreliable for regular sampling after October 2017. During the point count monitoring study, walking surveys were conducted on alternating days for a total of five surveys every two weeks. Walking surveys occurred in between point count sites and continued after point counts had been completed. They started at 06:00 and finished at 12:00. During the MSF study, walking surveys were conducted each weekday along four routes covering most of the reserve beginning at 06:00 and lasting 3–4 h. Species were tallied for specific segments of the trails being walked. A total of 267 walking surveys were conducted for the monitoring study and 80 for the MSF study. Owl call-playback surveys. Owl species were surveyed using call-playback between March 2016 and January 2020 with data collection gaps including: March–April, June–July, and October–December in 2017; January and July in 2018; and May and September–October in 2019. Costa Rican Pygmy Owl (Glaucidium costaricanum), Unspotted Saw-whet Owl (Aegolius ridgwayi), Tropical Screech-Owl (Megascops choliba), Bare-shanked Screech-Owl (Megascops clarkii), and Mottled Owl (Ciccaba virgata) were included in the study based on previous study results (Paradis 2007) and known Costa Rican owl ranges. Striped Owl (Asio clamator) was added in April 2016 after one was observed in the reserve. Owl surveys were conducted at the same 24 locations as the point counts, with the exception of the five sites added in 2017. The four northern sites were dropped in October 2017 due to loss of access, leaving 20 survey sites. A total of 625 surveys were conducted, with all but the first 24 surveyed for all six owl species. Call-playback surveys started at 18:30 and were completed by 00:00. Five sites were surveyed each evening, and each site was only surveyed once a month to prevent habituation to the calls. Surveys began with 3 min of silence, followed by a 2-min playback, repeated until all owl calls had been played in order of smallest owl to largest, finishing with 3 min of silence. Playbacks were composed of a mixture of alarm and song calls downloaded from Xeno-Canto (Xeno-Canto Foundation 2005–2019). Camera trap images. Bird records were supplemented by camera trap images collected in the reserve. Most camera trap data was collected between 13 May 2019 and 21 May 2020 along a grid of 16 locations spaced approximately 300 m apart throughout the reserve, some near the trail system, but most at more remote locations. As data from the camera trap study was not fully processed at the time of writing, it was only used to supplement monthly presence data for some species. Additional camera trap images from recreational cameras were available prior to May 2019, and were sometimes used as voucher photos, but not used for presence data. Photographs. Photographs taken either during or outside of surveys were obtained from staff, interns, researchers, volunteers, and visitors. In addition to serving as records of species presence, these photos were used as voucher photos for the identified species. Location and date were confirmed for each photo, ranging from 23 February 2007 to 25 April 2021. Photographs taken outside of surveys were added as unique records to the species record tables in the supplementary material.